,
Ane Johannessen, PhD
,
Luca Puggini, MSc
,
Bryndís Benediktsdóttir, MD, PhD
,
Randi J. Bertelsen, PhD
,
Ersilia Bifulco, PhD
,
Shyamali C. Dharmage, MD, PhD
,
Julia Dratva, MD, MPH
,
Karl A. Franklin, MD, PhD
,
Thórarinn Gíslason, MD, PhD
,
Mathias Holm, MD, PhD
,
Deborah Jarvis, MD, PhD
,
Bénédicte Leynaert, PhD
,
Eva Lindberg, MD, PhD
,
Andrei Malinovschi, MD, PhD
,
Ferenc Macsali, MD, PhD
,
Dan Norbäck, MD, PhD
,
Ernst R. Omenaas, MD, PhD
,
,
Eirunn Saure, MD
,
Vivi Schlünssen, MD, PhD
,
Torben Sigsgaard, MD, PhD
,
Trude D. Skorge, MD, PhD
,
Gunilla Wieslander, MD, PhD
,
Elisabeth Zemp, MD, PhD
,
Cecilie Svanes, MD, PhD
,
Steinar Hustad, MD, PhD
,
Francisco Gómez Real, MD, PhD
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Open Access
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.019 Open access funded by the Author(s)
Background
There is limited and conflicting evidence on the effect of menopause on asthma.
Objectives
We sought to study whether the incidence of asthma and respiratory symptoms differ by menopausal status in a longitudinal population-based study with an average follow-up of 12 years.
Methods
The Respiratory Health in Northern Europe study provided questionnaire data pertaining to respiratory and reproductive health at baseline (1999-2001) and follow-up (2010-2012). The study cohort included women aged 45 to 65 years at follow-up, without asthma at baseline, and not using exogenous hormones (n = 2322). Menopausal status was defined as nonmenopausal, transitional, early postmenopausal, and late postmenopausal. Associations with asthma (defined by the use of asthma medication, having asthma attacks, or both) and respiratory symptoms scores were analyzed by using logistic (asthma) and negative binomial (respiratory symptoms) regressions, adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, education, and study center.
Results
The odds of new-onset asthma were increased in women who were transitional (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.09-5.30), early postmenopausal (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.06-4.20), and late postmenopausal (odds ratio, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.31-9.05) at follow-up compared with nonmenopausal women. The risk of respiratory symptoms increased in early postmenopausal (coefficient, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.06-0.75) and late postmenopausal (coefficient, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.15-1.23) women. These findings were consistent irrespective of smoking status and across study centers.
Conclusions
New-onset asthma and respiratory symptoms increased in women becoming postmenopausal in a longitudinal population-based study. Clinicians should be aware that respiratory health might deteriorate in women during reproductive aging.
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