Onset of Action of Azelastine 0.15% Versus Olopatadine/Mometasone for Allergen-Induced Rhinitis: An EEU Crossover Study

Bousquet J, Klimek L, Kuhl HC et al.  Clin Transl Allergy. 2026 Nov;16(11):e70213. doi: 10.1002/clt2.70213. 

ABSTRACT

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the onset of action (primary), and overall efficacy (secondary) of azelastine nasal spray 0.15% (AZE 0.15%) with mometasone/olopatadine combination therapy (OloMom) in subjects with allergen-induced rhinitis under controlled allergen exposure conditions in an Environmental Exposure Unit (EEU).

Method

This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period Williams cross-over study. Participants were randomized to receive AZE 0.15%, OloMom, or placebo. Efficacy was assessed during two pollen challenge sections in an EEC, after a single dose and after 3.5 days of treatment.

Contribution of a Digital Immunotherapy Management System Focusing on Improved Patient Adherence and Clinical Outcomes in House Dust Mite Rush Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Evaluated with a Before-After Design

Xu Y, Gao Y, Long Y, Wang C et al.  Patient Prefer Adherence. 2026 Oct 22;20:641358. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S641358.

Background: Rush subcutaneous immunotherapy (RIT) requires frequent injections, strict treatment intervals, and long-term follow-up. Digital management integrates injection scheduling, reminders, treatment records, and patient-reported follow-up.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association of a digital immunotherapy management system with adherence and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing RIT.

Methods: This single-center retrospective conventional treatment (Before) followed by digital treatment (After) study design was used to evaluate patients who underwent house dust mite (HDM) RIT at a tertiary hospital in China between January 2022 and May 2025. Patients treated before implementation of the digital immunotherapy management system were assigned to the conventional management group (CMG), whereas those treated after implementation were assigned to the digital management group (DMG).

Precision Diagnosis and Differentiation of Eosinophilic Colitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using a Tissue-Based Molecular Gene Expression Panel

R, Yamaguchi M, Denson L et al. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2026; 0

Abstract
Background
Eosinophilic colitis (EoC) and eosinophil-predominant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can show overlapping clinical and histologic features, creating diagnostic uncertainty. Whether tissue gene expression can objectively distinguish these conditions in the setting of colonic eosinophilia remains unclear.
Objective
We sought to develop and validate a tissue-based molecular diagnostic panel to quantify eosinophilic inflammation and differentiate EoC from IBD-associated colonic eosinophilia.
Methods

Graphical Abstract

This multi-center study analyzed 88 colonic biopsies from a cohort enriched for children and young adults, including 74 patients with EoC or IBD and non-disease controls. We developed a 96-gene qPCR-based platform, the Colonic Eosinophilia Diagnostic Panel (CEDP), and generated molecular EoC and IBD scores.

Refining atopic dermatitis pathogenesis: Early-life trajectories, noncanonical cytokines, and JAK–STAT signaling

Signer B, Schlapbach C. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2026; 0

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is increasingly understood as a biologically heterogeneous disease in which barrier dysfunction, type 2 inflammation, neuroimmune dysregulation, and intracellular signaling abnormalities interact in dynamic and context-dependent ways. This review highlights three concepts that have advanced the field in recent years. First, studies in early life suggest that AD harbors measurable preclinical abnormalities, developmental trajectories, and potential opportunities for targeted intervention. Second, recent work has refined the cytokine architecture of AD beyond interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by identifying noncanonical cytokine circuits that shape distinct aspects of the disease phenotype, including upstream pathogenic T helper type 2 (TH2) cell activation, epidermal dysfunction, and itch.

Preliminary evidence for IRAK2 as a potential biomarker and in vitro pro-inflammatory mediator in allergic rhinitis

Sun, H., Li, R. BMC Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-026-00926-5

Abstract

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic nasal mucosal inflammation with limited treatment options. IRAK2 regulates allergic airway inflammation, but its expression, clinical value, and mechanism in AR remain unexplored. This study screened AR-related candidate genes using bioinformatics, verified serum IRAK2 expression and its clinical significance in AR patients, and explored its functional mechanism in vitro.

Methods

GEO datasets were used to screen differentially expressed genes and candidate genes related to AR. Serum samples were collected from 100 AR patients and 100 healthy controls. Serum IRAK2 levels were detected, and correlation analysis, ROC curve analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed.

Maternal Vaccination vs Nirsevimab Use and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Among Full-Term Infants

Jacobson KB, Watson AJ, Liao LD et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2026 Oct 1;9(10):e2636760. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.36760.

Key Points

Question  What is the relative product effectiveness (rPE) of maternal vaccination (RSVpreF) vs infant nirsevimab against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and hospitalization in infants?

Findings  In this cohort study of 15 124 matched infants, there was no statistically significant difference in RSV infection or hospitalization between infants exposed to maternal RSVpreF vaccination vs infants who received nirsevimab.

Meaning  The findings of this study support current US guidelines for either maternal RSVpreF or infant nirsevimab use to protect all infants from RSV.

Abstract

Importance  Since 2023, infants can be protected from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) through a vaccine (RSVpreF) for pregnant persons or a monoclonal antibody (nirsevimab) for infants.

Real-world safety of personalized telemedicine-delivered sublingual immunotherapy: reported adverse events across 18,398 patient-years

Tharpe, C., Mardaga, K., Davidson, J. et al.  Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-026-01079-1

Abstract

Background

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an effective disease-modifying treatment for allergic respiratory disease. Despite its increased utilization in the United States, Real-world safety data for personalized SLIT delivered through fully remote care remain limited.

Methods

This retrospective longitudinal study evaluated patients receiving personalized SLIT through a US telemedicine platform between 2020 and 2026. Patients who completed at least one survey after shipment receipt were included. Reported adverse events were graded using CTCAEv5.0. Shipment-derived exposure, capped at the administrative cutoff, was adjusted for self-reported adherence.

Association between the IL-33/ST2 pathway and downstream inflammatory factors in the context of allergic rhinitis

Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, Z. et al.  Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-026-01065-7

Abstract

Objective

This was a single-centre, prospective cross-sectional observational study conducted between February and June 2025. Serum levels of IL-33, ST2, TNF-α, and IL-6 were quantified in patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis (AR) and compared against healthy control subjects. This study aimed to compare serum levels of IL-33, ST2, TNF-α, and IL-6 between patients with AR and healthy controls, and to examine their association with symptom severity.

Methods

A total of 81 participants diagnosed with AR were recruited from the Otolaryngology and Pulmonology Departments of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chengdu, Sichuan, China).