Future Perspectives for Artificial Intelligence in Allergy: Advances in Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Personalized Care.

Moreno E, Moreno V, Curto B, Dávila I. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2026 Mar 10:0. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.1154. 

Abstract

Primary areas of allergology where AI techniques have been applied. 

Artificial intelligence (AI) is significantly transforming the specialty of allergy by offering novel tools for diagnosis, risk prediction, disease monitoring, and personalized care. This narrative review comprehensively explores key advances in the application of AI techniques-expert systems, machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing-across various allergic diseases such as asthma, anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and drug hypersensitivity reactions.

Development and psychometric validation of the Chronic Rhinosinusitis Control Test

Cotter RA, Lee CW, Wilson K et al. Rhinology. 2026 Feb 1;64(1):38-50. doi: 10.4193/Rhin25.377.

Abstract

Background: Disease control assessment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains a challenge. In this study, we develop and psychometrically validate a new patient-reported outcome measure, the Chronic Rhinosinusitis Control Test (CRCT), for assessing CRS control.

Graphical Abstract

Methodology: The CRCT, which includes 8 items and has a score that ranges from 0-31, incorporates the perspectives of key stakeholders (patients and healthcare providers) and was developed incorporating methodologic guidance from the COSMIN initiative and United States Food and Drug Administration. Psychometric validation was performed in line with recommendations from the COSMIN initiative to establish validity, reliability and responsiveness in a sample of 545 CRS patients and with the participation of 23 expert rhinologists.

Results: The CRCT has excellent face validity, content validity, concurrent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness.

Characterising the allergen landscape in paediatric allergic rhinitis and/or asthma

Chen Y, Zhou X, Wang Y et al.  BMJ Open Respir Res. 2026 Mar 3;13(1):e003693. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2025-003693.

Abstract

Objective To characterise the allergen sensitisation profile and its demographic, seasonal and laboratory associations in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and/or asthma in Guangdong, China.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of children diagnosed with AR and/or asthma from January 2020 to December 2023. Serum allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurements were used to identify allergens. Sensitisation patterns and their relationships with age, sex, season of visit, peripheral-blood cell counts and immune markers were assessed with χ² tests and Spearman correlation.

Distributional characteristics of allergens in 8080 children.

Results A total of 8080 children (median age, 7.0 years; 69.0% boys) were included; 89.1% had AR, 7.5% asthma and 3.4% both conditions. Overall, 76.5% were sensitised to inhalant allergens, 18.3% to food allergens and 5.2% to other allergens. Dermatophagoides farinae (93.2 %) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (88.3 %) were the dominant inhalant allergens, whereas egg (14.2 %) and milk (11.9 %) prevailed among foods.

Organ failure type in fatal and near-fatal anaphylaxis: a systematic review

McKenzie B, Marshall SD, Sanci L, Poonian J, Nair R, J Selman C, Douglass JA. BMJ Open. 2026 Mar 9;16(3):e108996. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-108996.

Abstract

Objectives Anaphylaxis is a sudden onset multiorgan allergic reaction that infrequently but regularly causes fatalities which may be preventable with appropriate organ support. There is limited data about the type of organ failure leading to death or near-fatal episodes resulting in permanent neurological disability. To assist clinicians facing anaphylaxis in diverse clinical settings, we aimed to quantify the frequency of organ failure type contributing to death or neurological disability from anaphylaxis according to allergen trigger.

Design Systematic review of published peer-reviewed literature.

Data sources Three databases were searched to January 2025: MEDLINE from 1946, Embase from 1947 and Web of Science from 1900.

Eligibility criteria Studies were eligible if they contained data about the type of clinical deterioration during anaphylaxis resulting in death or permanent neurological disability. No language restriction was implemented. Exclusion criteria were: hydatid anaphylaxis; five or more stings from an insect; death from acute atheromatous myocardial infarction and where anaphylaxis was only a differential diagnosis.

Data extraction and synthesis We extracted information using pre-specified criteria to determine the primary organ failure involved: either upper airway obstruction, lower respiratory obstruction (bronchospasm) or cardiovascular failure. Baseline demographics including age and asthma status were collected along with the allergen trigger, time course and treatment. We reported frequencies according to allergen trigger for case reports and a narrative analysis of case series weighted by risk of bias assessment.

Anaphylaxis and loss of wheat tolerance after two weeks of wheat deprivation

Kin, H.M.B., Chan, E.S., Mak, R. et al.  Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-026-01023-3

Abstract

Background

The best practices for childhood allergy prevention are continually evolving. We do not know the optimal frequency for continued exposure of common allergenic foods after the initial introduction into a child’s diet. Home-based oral immunotherapy is a promising treatment avenue for childhood food allergies.

Case presentation

Skin Prick Test Results

We describe the case of a child who was tolerating wheat and underwent a 2-week unintentional deprivation period wherein they were not exposed to any wheat. After this period, they experienced an anaphylactic reaction to wheat upon re-introduction.

Th17/Treg cell imbalance in allergic rhinitis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Xiong, Y., Wang, F., Hu, G. et al. Genes Immun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41435-026-00378-2

Abstract

Upon allergen exposure, dendritic cells (DCs) stimulate the differentiation
of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells while promoting IL-17 secretion

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic, noninfectious inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Recent worldwide epidemiological surveys have indicated an increase in AR incidence. Recurrent allergic symptoms, disease complications and prolonged treatment have brought heavy physical and mental burdens to AR patients. AR pathogenesis is an IgE-mediated type I allergic reaction involving multiple immune cells and cytokines.

Systemic Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis: Choosing Biologics or Janus Kinase Inhibitors for Children and Adults

Scholl IM, Drucker AM, Flohr C, Gerbens LAA.  J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2026 Feb;14(2):344-359. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2025.10.052.

Abstract

Mechanism of action of biologics and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors

Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disease worldwide, with a significant burden on patients’ quality of life. Although most patients with atopic dermatitis are effectively managed with topical treatments, a significant minority requires systemic therapy. In recent years, the therapeutic landscape for this patient population has expanded beyond conventional treatments, introducing novel targeted therapies such as biologic agents and Janus kinase inhibitors.

Estimated Effectiveness of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccination Against Severe COVID-19

Ma KC, Webber A, Lauring AS et al.   JAMA Netw Open. 2026 Feb 2;9(2):e2557415. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.57415. 

Key Points

Question  What was the estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines against severe COVID-19, and did it vary by SARS-CoV-2 lineage or spike protein mutations?

Findings  In this case-control study of 1888 adults with COVID-19 and 6605 adults without COVID-19, estimated VE was 40% against hospitalization and 79% against invasive mechanical ventilation or death. The estimated VE was similar for KP.3.1.1 and XEC lineages, as well as for spike protein mutations potentially associated with immune evasion (S31 deletion, T22N and F59S substitutions).

Meaning  These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccines offered protection against hospitalization and severe in-hospital outcomes during the 2024-2025 season, in which multiple JN.1 lineages evolved and circulated.

Abstract

Importance  As SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 lineage descendants continue to evolve, evaluating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe COVID-19 remains important to guide vaccination strategies.