Refining atopic dermatitis pathogenesis: Early-life trajectories, noncanonical cytokines, and JAK–STAT signaling

Signer B, Schlapbach C. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2026; 0

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is increasingly understood as a biologically heterogeneous disease in which barrier dysfunction, type 2 inflammation, neuroimmune dysregulation, and intracellular signaling abnormalities interact in dynamic and context-dependent ways. This review highlights three concepts that have advanced the field in recent years. First, studies in early life suggest that AD harbors measurable preclinical abnormalities, developmental trajectories, and potential opportunities for targeted intervention. Second, recent work has refined the cytokine architecture of AD beyond interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by identifying noncanonical cytokine circuits that shape distinct aspects of the disease phenotype, including upstream pathogenic T helper type 2 (TH2) cell activation, epidermal dysfunction, and itch.

Preliminary evidence for IRAK2 as a potential biomarker and in vitro pro-inflammatory mediator in allergic rhinitis

Sun, H., Li, R. BMC Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-026-00926-5

Abstract

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic nasal mucosal inflammation with limited treatment options. IRAK2 regulates allergic airway inflammation, but its expression, clinical value, and mechanism in AR remain unexplored. This study screened AR-related candidate genes using bioinformatics, verified serum IRAK2 expression and its clinical significance in AR patients, and explored its functional mechanism in vitro.

Methods

GEO datasets were used to screen differentially expressed genes and candidate genes related to AR. Serum samples were collected from 100 AR patients and 100 healthy controls. Serum IRAK2 levels were detected, and correlation analysis, ROC curve analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed.

Maternal Vaccination vs Nirsevimab Use and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Among Full-Term Infants

Jacobson KB, Watson AJ, Liao LD et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2026 Oct 1;9(10):e2636760. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.36760.

Key Points

Question  What is the relative product effectiveness (rPE) of maternal vaccination (RSVpreF) vs infant nirsevimab against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and hospitalization in infants?

Findings  In this cohort study of 15 124 matched infants, there was no statistically significant difference in RSV infection or hospitalization between infants exposed to maternal RSVpreF vaccination vs infants who received nirsevimab.

Meaning  The findings of this study support current US guidelines for either maternal RSVpreF or infant nirsevimab use to protect all infants from RSV.

Abstract

Importance  Since 2023, infants can be protected from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) through a vaccine (RSVpreF) for pregnant persons or a monoclonal antibody (nirsevimab) for infants.

Real-world safety of personalized telemedicine-delivered sublingual immunotherapy: reported adverse events across 18,398 patient-years

Tharpe, C., Mardaga, K., Davidson, J. et al.  Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-026-01079-1

Abstract

Background

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an effective disease-modifying treatment for allergic respiratory disease. Despite its increased utilization in the United States, Real-world safety data for personalized SLIT delivered through fully remote care remain limited.

Methods

This retrospective longitudinal study evaluated patients receiving personalized SLIT through a US telemedicine platform between 2020 and 2026. Patients who completed at least one survey after shipment receipt were included. Reported adverse events were graded using CTCAEv5.0. Shipment-derived exposure, capped at the administrative cutoff, was adjusted for self-reported adherence.

Association between the IL-33/ST2 pathway and downstream inflammatory factors in the context of allergic rhinitis

Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, Z. et al.  Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-026-01065-7

Abstract

Objective

This was a single-centre, prospective cross-sectional observational study conducted between February and June 2025. Serum levels of IL-33, ST2, TNF-α, and IL-6 were quantified in patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis (AR) and compared against healthy control subjects. This study aimed to compare serum levels of IL-33, ST2, TNF-α, and IL-6 between patients with AR and healthy controls, and to examine their association with symptom severity.

Methods

A total of 81 participants diagnosed with AR were recruited from the Otolaryngology and Pulmonology Departments of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chengdu, Sichuan, China).

Type 2 Inflammation in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Presentation, Role, and Management

Makris M, Papapostolou N, Koumprentziotis IA, Gregoriou S. J Inflamm Res. 2026;19:546295 https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S546295

Proposed integration of type 2 inflammation, autoimmune endotypes, and neuroimmune signaling in chronic spontaneous urticaria.

Abstract: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a heterogeneous inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent wheals, angioedema, and pruritus, with substantial effects on quality of life. Although mast-cell activation remains the central effector event, increasing evidence implicates type 2 inflammatory pathways in CSU and suggests that the disease shares biological features with established type 2 inflammatory disorders, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, chronic prurigo, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Lonvoguran Ziclumeran - In Vivo CRISPR Gene Editing in Hereditary Angioedema

Cohn DM, Gurugama P, Longhurst HJet al. N Engl J Med. 2026 Oct 15;395(15):1471-1482. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2600931. 

Abstract

Background

Hereditary angioedema is a rare and potentially life-threatening genetic condition characterized by recurrent and debilitating swelling attacks. Lonvoguran ziclumeran (lonvo-z) — an investigational, in vivo gene-editing treatment based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) — is being developed as a single-dose treatment for hereditary angioedema.

Methods

In a phase 3, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, patients who were 16 years of age or older and had hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency to receive a single intravenous infusion of lonvo-z (at a dose of 50 mg) or placebo. The primary end point was the number of investigator-confirmed hereditary angioedema attacks per month (the monthly attack rate) from week 5 through week 28 after infusion.

Results

Research Summary

A total of 80 patients underwent randomization; 52 were assigned to receive lonvo-z and 28 to receive placebo. As of February 10, 2026, the median duration of follow-up was 7.5 months (range, 4.9 to 12.8).

Real-world safety and clinical outcomes of cluster subcutaneous immunotherapy with olive pollen extracts, with or without grass pollen, in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma

Alcántara-Villar, M., Martín-Casañez, E., Rodríguez, M.T.P. et al. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-026-01074-6

Abstract

Background

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment capable of modifying the natural course of IgE-mediated allergic diseases induced by aeroallergens. Cluster schedules for subcutaneous AIT (SCIT) with hypoallergenic depot extracts enable faster dose escalation while maintaining a favorable safety profile. However, specific data on the use of Olea europaea extracts, alone or combined with grass pollen, remain limited, particularly in Mediterranean populations.

Methods

The OLGA study was a multicenter, retrospective, real-world analysis conducted in 16 allergy centers across Spain. Patients with IgE-mediated allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma sensitized to Olea europaea, with or without grass pollen, received SCIT administered according to a cluster schedule.