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Cheol Woo Kim,1 Arturo Figueroa,2 Chan Ho Park,3 Yi Sub Kwak, 4 Kwi Baek Kim,5 Dae Yun Seo,6 andHyung Rock Lee7 |
| 1Division of Police and Security Administration, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan 614-715, Korea. |
| 2Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahasse, FL, USA. |
| 3Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea. |
| 4Department of Physical Education, Dong-Eui University, 995 Eomgwangro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Korea. |
| 5Department of Sports and Health Management, Youngsan University, Yangsan 626-790, Korea. |
| 6National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. |
| 7Department of applied Health Science, Murray State University, KY, USA. |
Corresponding Author: Yi Sub Kwak, Tel. 82-51-890-1546, Fax. 82-51-890-2643, Email:ysk2003@deu.ac.kr
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Received March 12, 2013; Revised July 05, 2013; Accepted July 26, 2013.
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract
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Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIAn) is induced by different types and various intensities of physical activity, and is distinct from food allergies. It has been shown that consumption of allergenic food followed by exercise causes FDEIAn symptoms. Intake of allergenic food or medication before exercise is a major predisposing factor for FDEIAn. Urticaria and severe allergic reactions are general symptoms of FDEIAn. Dermatological tests and serum IgE assays are the typical prescreening methods, and have been used for several decades. However, these screening tests are not sufficient for detecting or preventing FDEIAn. It has been found that exercise may stimulate the release of mediators from IgE-dependent mast cells that can result in FDEIAn when a certain threshold level has been exceeded. Mast cell degradation might be a major factor to induce FDEIAn but this has not been determined. A number of foods have been reported to be involved in the onset of FDEIAn including wheat, eggs, chicken, shrimp, shellfish, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. It is also known that aspirin increases the occurrence of type I allergy symptoms when combined with specific foods. Moreover, high intensity and frequent exercise are more likely to provoke an attack than low intensity and less frequent exercise. In this paper, we present the current views of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying FDEIAn within the context of exercise immunology. We also present a detailed FDEIAn definition along with etiologic factors and medical treatment for cholinergic urticaria (UC) and exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA).
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Keywords: Food, exercise, anaphylaxis, FDEIAn.
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