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Front. Immunol., 09 August 2013 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00235

A temporal model of human IgE and IgG antibody function

Andrew M. Collins* and Katherine J. L. Jackson

• School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

The diversity of the human antibody repertoire that is generated by V(D)J gene rearrangement is extended by nine constant region genes that give antibodies their complex array of effector functions. The application of high throughput sequencing to the study of V(D)J gene rearrangements has led to significant recent advances in our understanding of the antigen-binding repertoire. In contrast, our understanding of antibody function has changed little, and mystery still surrounds the existence of four distinctive IgG subclasses. Recent observations from murine models and from human studies of VDJ somatic point mutations suggest that the timing of emergence of cells from the germinal center may vary as a consequence of class switching. This should lead to predictable differences in affinity between isotypes. These differences, and varying abilities of the isotypes to fix complement and bind FcRs, could help coordinate the humoral defenses over the time course of a response. We therefore propose a Temporal Model of human IgE and IgG function in which early emergence of IgE sensitizes sentinel mast cells while switching to IgG3 recruits FcγR-mediated functions to the early response. IgG1 then emerges as the major effector of antigen clearance, and subsequently IgG2 competes with IgG1 to produce immune complexes that slow the inflammatory drive. Persisting antigen may finally stimulate high affinity IgG4 that outcompetes other isotypes and can terminate IgG1/FcγR-mediated activation via the inhibitory FcγRIIB. In this way, IgG antibodies of different subclasses, at different concentrations and with sometimes opposing functions deliver cohesive, protective immune function.

Keywords: IgG subclasses, humoral immunity, class switching, affinity maturation, IgE, antibody function, B cell differentiation

Citation: Collins AM and Jackson KJL (2013) A temporal model of human IgE and IgG antibody function. Front. Immunol. 4:235. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00235

Received: 31 May 2013; Accepted: 29 July 2013;
Published online: 09 August 2013.

Edited by:

Ramit Mehr, Bar-Ilan University, Israel

Reviewed by:

Tim L. Manser, Thomas Jefferson University, USA
Ramit Mehr, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Michal Or-Guil, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany

Copyright: © 2013 Collins and Jackson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Andrew M. Collins, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia e-mail: a.collins@unsw.edu.au

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Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Research article

Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a national cross-sectional cohort study

Jinhee Kim, Jin Hwa Lee, Yuri Kim, Kyungjoo Kim, Yeon-Mok Oh, Kwang Ha Yoo, Chin Kook Rhee, Hyoung Kyu Yoon,Young Sam Kim, Yong Bum Park, Sei Won Lee and Sang Do Lee

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BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2013, 13:51 doi:10.1186/1471-2466-13-51

Published: 9 August 2013

Abstract (provisional)

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common causes of chronic cough and a potential risk factor for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of GERD in patients with COPD and association between GERD and COPD exacerbation.

Methods

Data were collected from the National Health Insurance Database of Korea. The subjects were 40 years old and older, who had COPD as primary or secondary diagnosis codes and utilized health care resource to receive prescriptions of COPD medication at least twice in 2009. Univariate logistic regression was performed to understand the relationship between COPD and GERD, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustment for several confounding factors.

Results

The prevalence of GERD in COPD patients was 28% (39,987/141,057). Old age, female gender, medical aid insurance type, hospitalization, and emergency room (ER) visit were associated with GERD. Most of COPD medications except inhaled muscarinic antagonists were associated with GERD. The logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of GERD was associated with increased risk of hospitalization (OR 1.54, CI 1.50 to 1.58, p<0 .001="" 1.48="" 1.55="" 1.62="" and="" ci="" er="" frequent="" p="" to="" visits="">

Conclusions

The prevalence of GERD in patients with COPD was high. Old age, female gender, medical aid insurance type, and many COPD medications except inhaled muscarinic antagonists were associated with GERD. The presence of GERD was associated with COPD exacerbation.

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Research article

Genetic variants in IL1A and IL1B contribute to the susceptibility to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus

Yingxia Liu, Shaoyuan Li, Guoliang Zhang, Guang Nie, Zhizhong Meng, Dongting Mao,Chang Chen, Xinchun Chen, Boping Zhou and Gucheng Zeng

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BMC Immunology 2013, 14:37 doi:10.1186/1471-2172-14-37

Published: 8 August 2013

Abstract (provisional)

Background

Host genetic variations may contribute to disease susceptibility of influenza. IL-1A and IL-1B are important inflammatory cytokines that mediate the inflammation and initiate the immune response against virus infection. In this study, we investigated the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Interleukin-1A (IL-1A) and Interleukin-1B (IL-1B) and the susceptibility to 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza (A(H1N1)pdm09). 167 patients whom were confirmed with A(H1N1)pdm09 and 192 healthy controls were included in this study. Four SNPs (rs1304037, rs16347, rs17561, rs2071373) in IL1A gene and three SNPs (rs1143623, rs3917345, rs1143627) in IL1B gene were genotyped by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry platform, and the associations of the genetic variants of IL-1 with susceptibility to A(H1N1)pdm09 were then assessed.

Results

The polymorphisms of rs17561 in IL1A gene and rs1143627 in IL1B gene were found to be associated with susceptibility to A(H1N1)pdm09 with P values of 0.016 (OR 2.031, 95%CI 1.238-3.331) and <0 .001="" 1.426-2.590="" 1.922="" 95="" allelic="" and="" between="" cases="" controls.="" difference="" for="" frequency="" however="" in="" no="" observed="" other="" p="" respectively.="" significant="" snps="" was="">

Conclusions

This study provides a new insight into pathogenesis of A(H1N1)pdm09, suggesting that genetic variants of IL-1A and IL-1B may exert a substantial impact on the susceptibility of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection.

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Soy Allergy in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis

E-STUDY

Year : 2013  |  Volume : 58  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 325

Soy Allergy in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis

Celakovská Jarmila1, Ettlerová Kvetuše2, Ettler Karel1, Vanecková Jaroslava1, Bukac Josef3 1 Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic 2 Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Outpatient Clinic, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic 3 Department of Medical Biophysic, Medical Faculty of Charles University in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic Date of Web Publication 25-Jun-2013 Correspondence Address: Celakovská Jarmila Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové Czech Republic DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.113938

Abstract Aim: The evaluation of soy allergy in patients over 14 years of age suffering from atopic dermatitis. The evaluation of the correlation to the occurence of peanut and pollen allergy. Materials and Methods: Altogether 175 persons suffering from atopic dermatitis were included in the study: Specific IgE, skin prick tests, atopy patch tests to soy, history and food allergy to peanut and pollen allergy were evaluated. Results : The early allergic reaction to soy was recorded in 2.8% patients. Sensitization to soy was found in another 27.2% patients with no clinical manifestation after soy ingestion. The correlation between the positive results of examinations to soy and between the occurence of peanut and pollen allergy was confirmed in statistics. Conclusion: Almost one third of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis are sensitized to soy without clinical symptoms. The early allergic reaction to soy occur in minority of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Keywords: Atopic dermatitis, pollen allergy, peanut allergy, soy allergy, specific IgE, skin prick tests How to cite this article: Jarmila C, Kvetuše E, Karel E, Jaroslava V, Josef B. Soy Allergy in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol 2013;58:325 How to cite this URL: Jarmila C, Kvetuše E, Karel E, Jaroslava V, Josef B. Soy Allergy in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol [serial online] 2013 [cited 2013 Aug 8];58:325. Available from: http://www.e-ijd.org/text.asp?2013/58/4/325/113938 What was known? Food allergy to soy has been described to date primarily in young children with atopic dermatitis, most patients are likely to develop soy tolerance by late childhood. But epidemiologic data on soybean allergy in adults is virtually lacking.    Article in PDF (539 KB)     Citation Manager     Access Statistics     Reader Comments     Email Alert *     Add to My List * * Registration required (free)       Abstract    Introduction     Materials and Me...    Results    Statistics    Discussion    Conclusion     References     Article Tables

Parental smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children

Clinics

Print version ISSN 1807-5932

Clinics vol.68 no.7 São Paulo July 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(07)08 

CLINICAL SCIENCES

Parental smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children

Claudio SchvartsmanIIII, Sylvia Costa Lima FarhatI, Samuel SchvartsmanI, Paulo Hilario Nascimento SaldivaII

^I Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.

^II Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.

^III Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Department of Pediatrics, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate parental smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children.

METHODS:

We performed a case-control study that included 105 children between 6 and 23 months of age who were divided into two groups: cases (children with 3 previous episodes of wheezing) and controls (healthy children without wheezing). The children's exposure to cigarette smoking was estimated using a questionnaire completed by the mothers and by the children's urinary cotinine levels.

RESULTS:

Based on both the questionnaire results and cotinine levels, exposure to cigarette smoking was higher in the households of cases in which the incidence of maternal smoking was significantly higher than that of paternal smoking. Children in this group were more affected by maternal smoking and by the total number of cigarettes smoked inside the house. Additionally, the questionnaire results indicated that the risk of wheezing was dose dependent. The presence of allergic components, such as atopic dermatitis and siblings with allergic rhinitis and asthma, greatly increased the odds ratio when wheezing was associated with cotinine levels.

CONCLUSION:

Children exposed to tobacco smoke have an increased risk of developing wheezing syndrome. This risk increases in association with the number of cigarettes smoked inside the house and the presence of other allergic components in the family.

Keywords: Air Pollution; Indoor/Adverse Effects; Bronchial Hyperactivity/Chemically Induced; Cotinine/Analysis; Child; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/Adverse Effects

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RESEARCH

Probable person to person transmission of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Eastern China, 2013: epidemiological investigation

BMJ 2013; 347 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4752 (Published 6 August 2013)

Cite this as: BMJ 2013;347:f4752

• Infectious diseases

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1. Qi, viriologist1, 
2. Yan-Hua Qian, epidemiologist2, 
3. Chang-Jun Bao, epidemiologist1, 
4. Xi-Ling Guo, microbiologist3, 
5. Lun-Biao Cui, molecular biologist3,
6. Fen-Yang Tang, public health officer1, 
7. Hong Ji, public health officer1, 
8. Yong Huang, trainee of CFETP4, 
9. Pei-Quan Cai, respiratory physician5, 
10. Bing Lu, deputy director2, 
11. Ke Xu, public health officer1, 
12. Chao Shi, public health officer2, 
13. Feng-Cai Zhu, professor6, 
14. Ming-Hao Zhou, director6, 
15. Hua Wang, epidemiologist and deputy director-general67

Author Affiliations

1. Correspondence to: M H Zhou zmh@jscdc.cn and H Wang hua@jscdc.cn

• Accepted 24 July 2013

Abstract

Objective To determine whether the novel avian influenza H7N9 virus can transmit from person to person and its efficiency.

Design Epidemiological investigations conducted after a family cluster of two patients with avian H7N9 in March 2013.

Setting Wuxi, Eastern China.

Participants Two patients, their close contacts, and relevant environments. Samples from the patients and environments were collected and tested by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), viral culture, and haemagglutination inhibition assay. Any contacts who became ill had samples tested for avian H7N9 by rRT-PCR. Paired serum samples were obtained from contacts for serological testing by haemagglutination inhibition assays.

Main outcomes measures Clinical data, history of exposure before the onset of illnesses, and results of laboratory testing of pathogens and further analysis of sequences and phylogenetic tree to isolated strains.

Results The index patient became ill five to six days after his last exposure to poultry. The second patient, his daughter aged 32, who provided unprotected bedside care in the hospital, had no known exposure to poultry. She developed symptoms six days after her last contact with her father. Two strains were isolated successfully from the two patients. Genome sequence and analyses of phylogenetic trees showed that both viruses were almost genetically identical. Forty three close contacts of both patients were identified. One had mild illness but had negative results for avian H7N9 by rRT-PCR. All 43 close contacts tested negative for haemagglutination inhibition antibodies specific for avian H7N9.

Conclusions The infection of the daughter probably resulted from contact with her father (the index patient) during unprotected exposure, suggesting that in this cluster the virus was able to transmit from person to person. The transmissibility was limited and non-sustainable.

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