Artificial Intelligence Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Utility in Allergic Rhinitis: Systematic Review

Dana A. Alrezq, Abdulaziz M. Aldaghmani, Jana J. Alali, et al.  Authorea. September 12, 2025.

DOI: 10.22541/au.175766646.65353803/v1

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common outpatient conditions, diagnosed through operator-dependent and resource-intensive methodologies. Consequently, there has been a surge in the development of diagnostic strategies using artificial intelligence (AI). This review aims to explore how AI can enhance diagnostic accuracy, personalize treatment, and support clinical decisions in AR care. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 2002 and 2025. Out of 1,109 identified studies, eight studies met the inclusion criteria.

Cost-effective care in anaphylaxis prevention and management

Sanders J, Boldt C, Kumar BP, Shaker M.  Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2025; 36:e70176. doi:10.1111/pai.70176

Abstract

Anaphylaxis is a serious hypersensitivity reaction that may be life-threatening. Data suggest that fatal anaphylaxis is a very rare event; however, anaphylaxis and fear of anaphylaxis are associated with high societal burden and cost. Cost-effectiveness analyses can facilitate a model of value-based care; in this review, we aim to highlight key health-economic analyses in anaphylaxis. Health economic evaluations suggest that screening approaches to prevent anaphylaxis have low value.

Investigating the Use of Melatonin in Children With Atopic Dermatitis: A Cross-Sectional Study

S. Lee, E. J. Kim, J. LeBovidge, et al. Pediatric Dermatology (2025): 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.70041.

ABSTRACT

Background/Objectives

Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) frequently experience sleep disturbances. Melatonin, an over-the-counter supplement, is increasingly used in the general pediatric population; however, its prevalence and perceived effectiveness in children with AD remain unclear.

Methods

Caregivers of pediatric patients (ages 1–17 years) with physician-diagnosed AD completed surveys on melatonin use, Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), and age-appropriate sleep questionnaires.

Results

Among 102 total respondents, 27.5% reported a history of melatonin use, with 10.8% using it in the past 30 days. Gummies were the most common formulation (85.7%), though brands and dosages varied widely (0.5–10 mg; median: 3 mg).

Comparative Efficacy of Montelukast-Levocetirizine Combination Therapy versus Monotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Kim JS, Stybayeva G, Hwang SH.  Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2025 Jul 15:1-14. doi: 10.1159/000547410.

Abstract

Introduction: Combination therapy with antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) is frequently used in allergic rhinitis (AR), particularly in patients with persistent or inadequately controlled symptoms. However, supporting evidence has been inconsistent. This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of montelukast combined with levocetirizine in patients with AR by directly comparing the combination therapy with each monotherapy and evaluating individual symptom domains. 

Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted, with database searches performed through March 2025. Outcomes included daytime and nighttime total symptom scores, individual nasal symptoms, rhinoconjunctivitis-related quality of life (RQLQ), and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Pooled effects were calculated using standardized mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). 

Forest plots comparing changes in daytime total symptom score (a),
nighttime total symptom score (b), and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of
lifequestionnaire (RQLQ) scores (c) between combination therapy
(montelukast-levocetirizine) and monotherapy.

Results: Seven RCTs (n = 887) were included. Combination therapy resulted in greater improvement in daytime symptoms (SMD [95% CI]: −0.42 [–0.64 to −0.20]), rhinorrhea (SMD [95% CI]: −0.69 [–1.09 to −0.30]), and nasal congestion (SMD [95% CI]: −0.64 [–1.05 to −0.24]) compared to monotherapy.

Expert Perspectives on Next Generation Health Guidelines: How to Integrate RWE in EBM

Del Giacco S, Canonica GW, Agache I et al.  Pragmat Obs Res. 2025 Sep 11;16:169-177. doi: 10.2147/POR.S487342.

Abstract: 

Integrating real-world evidence (RWE) into evidence-based medicine (EBM) enhances healthcare decision-making. RWE provides insights into the real-world effectiveness and safety of therapies and health technologies, filling gaps that clinical trials may leave. EBM, which concentrates on therapeutic issues, depends on rigorous evaluation of evidence, including data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and RWE. Combining evidence from RCTs and RWE when forming recommendations offers a comprehensive understanding of benefits and risks by considering their strengths, limitations, and standardized methods. The 2nd European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology/Respiratory Effectiveness Group (EAACI/REG) Workshop, held in Rome, Italy, on October 4th, 2023, discussed integrating RWE and EBM. The goals were to develop recommendations for high-quality RWE and its inclusion in evidence syntheses, with a particular focus on airway diseases.

Subcutaneous Allergen Immunotherapy in Adults Allergic to House Dust Mites: A Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial

C. Bachert, H. Hoogeveen, R. ten Have, et al.  Allergy (2025): 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70063.

ABSTRACT

Background

Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) has a longstanding history as a safe and effective treatment. Nevertheless, to meet the European Medicines Agency's regulatory requirements for continued market authorization, its efficacy and safety must be confirmed in a pivotal Phase III trial.

Graphical Abstract

Objective

Based on a successful Phase II dose-finding study, the aim was to confirm the safety and efficacy of a subcutaneous house dust mites (HDM) preparation in a randomized controlled trial using an optimal higher dose than the current maintenance dose.

Method

Seven hundred sixty-seven subjects were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to 1-year treatment with SCIT-product at a dose of 50,000 AUeq/mL or placebo.

Proceedings of the Second Artificial Intelligence in Primary Immunodeficiencies (AIPI) Meeting

Rivière JG, Bastarache L, Campos LC et al. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2025), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2025.09.002.

Abstract

AI Integration Pathways in Primary Immunodeficiencies.
Radial diagram summarizing the meeting discussion themes

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in primary immunodeficiencies (IEI) offers transformative potential in diagnostics and disease management but faces multiple challenges that were discussed at the second Artificial Intelligence in Primary Immune Disease (AIPI) conference, held in New York City (March 19–22, 2025). The conference addressed seven themes: predictive diagnostic algorithms, health equity, industry collaboration, advanced computational tools like large language models (LLMs), patient-led AI initiatives, multi-omics integration, and implementation science.

Stapokibart for Severe Uncontrolled Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps The CROWNS-2 Randomized Clinical Trial

Shen S, Yan B, Wang M, et al. JAMA. 2025;334(11):962–972. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.12515

Key Points

Question  Among patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps taking a daily intranasal corticosteroid, does stapokibart, a novel anti–interleukin 4Rα monoclonal antibody, decrease nasal polyps and reduce symptoms of nasal congestion?

Findings  In this randomized clinical trial that included 179 participants from China, stapokibart significantly reduced polyp size and improved nasal symptoms at 24 weeks in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Meaning  Among patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps treated with a daily intranasal corticosteroid, stapokibart reduced polyp size and severity of nasal symptoms at 24 weeks.

Abstract