Current Insights Into Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis Based on Phenotype and Endotype

Gu, Y., Shu, L.-L., Lu, T., Guan, D.-Y., Zheng, B.-W., Xiong, P.-H., Shen, Y. and Yang, Y.-C. (2025),  World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1002/wjo2.70035

ABSTRACT

Medications recommended based on endotype or phenotype

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa characterized by allergen sensitization and the involvement of multiple inflammatory mediators. Currently, the treatment of AR mainly includes symptomatic relief, anti-inflammatory therapy, and nerve desensitization.

However, these treatments have limitations in fully integrating the underlying mechanisms with the clinical manifestations of AR. This review aims to summarize recent research findings on AR phenotypes and endotypes, enhance understanding of endotype–phenotype associations, and outline various treatment options based on phenotypes and endotypes to provide insights for early recognition and personalized clinical management of patients with AR.

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