The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system is a key component of the immune system, involving aspects such as autoimmune reactions, transplant rejection reactions, and related diseases. HLA typing technology enables precise decision-making in clinical tissue matching, disease susceptibility assessment, and drug response prediction. Therefore, this article summarizes the genetic characteristics of HLA, several commonly used methods for typing, including serological methods and molecular biology methods. It also explores the clinical applications of HLA typing, such as in organ and stem cell transplantation, blood transfusion, and disease association studies. In addition, in recent years, the combination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and PCR technology has shown its potential application in various gene typing. In particular, the application of SNP-PCR method in HLA typing provides new possibilities for improving typing accuracy, reducing costs, and shortening detection time. Therefore, we summarize the existing HLA typing technologies and prospects for the future development of SNP-PCR method in HLA typing. With the continuous progress of bioinformatics and high-throughput sequencing technology, SNP-PCR is expected to become an efficient, economical, and widely used method for HLA typing, providing strong support for precision medicine. In addition, combined with big data analysis, SNP-PCR is expected to further reveal the complex associations between HLA and various diseases, thereby promoting in-depth research and development in immunology, genetics, and clinical medicine.
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