Toll-Like Receptors Required for Dermatophagoides farinae to Activate NF-κB

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Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Vol. 37 (2014) No. 1 p. 74-80

http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b13-00595

 

DN/JST.JSTAGE/bpb/b13-00595

Regular Articles

Takaaki Kitajima¹⁾, Masashi Muroi¹⁾, Naomi Yamashita¹⁾, Ken-ichi Tanamoto¹⁾

1) Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University

 Released on J-STAGE 20140101  

Keywords: house dust mite, allergen, innate immunity

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• Abstract:
• Body and excrement extracts from Dermatophagoides farinae were used to study stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The excrement extract stimulated nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent reporter activity to an extent similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse macrophage cell line, J774A.1, but the activity of the body extract was negligible. The excrement extract also activated NF-κB in HEK293 cells expressing TLR1/TLR2, TLR2/TLR6 and CD14/TLR4/MD-2, whereas no activation was observed in cells expressing TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 or TLR9. Although the excrement extract required co-expression of CD14, TLR4 and MD-2 in HEK293 cells to activate NF-κB, efficient activation was still observed in I-13.35 cells, a bone-marrow macrophage cell line established from LPS-hypo-responsive C3H/HeJ mice. The excrement extract activated NF-κB in HEK293 cells expressing TLR2 alone, but the activation was significantly increased by co-expression of CD14. Polymyxin B inhibited CD14/TLR4/MD-2- and CD14/TLR2-mediated activation of NF-κB but not the activation in I-13.35 cells. These results indicate that CD14/TLR4/MD-2-dependent and CD14/TLR2-dependent mechanisms are involved in the activation of NF-κB by the excrement extract of D. farinae and suggest that the extract also contains substances that activate NF-κB through non-TLR-mediated mechanisms.

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• Supplementary materials(1)

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Copyright © 2014 The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

Prostaglandin E2 receptors in asthma and in chronic rhinosinusitis/nasal polyps with and without aspirin hypersensitivity

Review

Liliana Machado-Carvalho^123*, Jordi Roca-Ferrer¹²³ and César Picado¹²³

• *Corresponding author: Liliana Machado-Carvalho lsmachad@clinic.ub.es

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Respiratory Research 2014, 15:100  doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0100-7

Published: 26 August 2014

Abstract (provisional)

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and asthma frequently coexist and are always present in patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Although the pathogenic mechanisms of this condition are still unknown, AERD may be due, at least in part, to an imbalance in eicosanoid metabolism (increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and reduced biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E2), possibly increasing and perpetuating the process of inflammation. PGE2 results from the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, and seems to play a central role in homeostasis maintenance and inflammatory response modulation in airways. Therefore, the abnormal regulation of PGE2 could contribute to the exacerbated processes observed in AERD. PGE2 exerts its actions through four G-protein-coupled receptors designated E-prostanoid (EP) receptors EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Altered PGE2 production as well as differential EP receptor expression has been reported in both upper and lower airways of patients with AERD. Since the heterogeneity of these receptors is the key for the multiple biological effects of PGE2 this review focuses on the studies available to elucidate the importance of these receptors in inflammatory airway diseases.

The complete article is available as a provisional PDF. The fully formatted PDF and HTML versions are in production.

Tattoo-Associated Skin Reaction: The Importance of an Early Diagnosis and Proper Treatment

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Abstract

Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 354608.

Published online Jul 23, 2014. doi:  10.1155/2014/354608

PMCID: PMC4132403

Andrea Bassi, ^{1 ,*} Piero Campolmi, ¹ Giovanni Cannarozzo, ¹ Rossana Conti, ¹ Nicola Bruscino, ¹ Massimo Gola, ¹Stefano Ermini, ² Daniela Massi, ³ and Silvia Moretti ¹

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Abstract

Tattoo is going to be a very common practice especially among young people and we are witnessing a gradual increase of numerous potential complications to tattoo placement which are often seen by physicians, but generally unknown to the public. The most common skin reactions to tattoo include a transient acute inflammatory reaction due to trauma of the skin with needles and medical complications such as superficial and deep local infections, systemic infections, allergic contact dermatitis, photodermatitis, granulomatous and lichenoid reactions, and skin diseases localized on tattooed area (eczema, psoriasis, lichen, and morphea). Next to these inflammatory skin reactions we have to consider also the possibility of the development of cutaneous conditions such as pseudolymphomatous reactions and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. The aim of this study is to underline the importance of an early diagnosis by performing a histological examination especially when we are in front of suspected papulonodular lesions arising from a tattoo, followed by a proper treatment, since cutaneous neoplastic evolution is known to be a rare but possible complication.

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Food allergy training event for restaurant staff; a pilot evaluation

Brief communication

Samuel Bailey, Tiffany Billmeier Kindratt, Helen Smith and David Reading

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Clinical and Translational Allergy 2014, 4:26  doi:10.1186/2045-7022-4-26

Published: 28 August 2014

Abstract (provisional)

A previous cross-sectional survey highlighted that restaurant staff in Brighton had gaps in their knowledge of food allergy, which could lead to the provision of unsafe meals to food-allergic customers. A food allergy training event was developed by a multi-disciplinary team (health service researcher, clinician, teacher and patient group representative) to equip restaurant staff with the knowledge and skills necessary to safely serve food-allergic customers. This evaluation summarises the training event's impact on participants' knowledge of food allergy and their satisfaction with the event.No attendee had previously attended any formal training on food allergy. The percentage of participants who answered all true-false questions correctly increased from 82% before the training event to 91% afterwards. The percentage of participants who were able to name at least three common allergens increased from 9% to 64%. Both quantitative and qualitative feedback was positive.Restaurant staff require a good understanding of food allergy to ensure that food-allergic customers are kept safe, and their restaurants operate within the law. This food allergy training event improved participants' absolute knowledge of food allergy, and attendees changed practise. Recommendations are made which could improve the impact and uptake of future food allergy training events.

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Hypersensitivity Reactions to Biological Drugs

J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2014; Vol. 24(4): 212-225

M Corominas,1 G Gastaminza,2 T Lobera3

1Allergy Unit-Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain 2Allergy and Clinic Immunology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Navarra, Spain 3Department of Allergy, Hospital San Pedro/San Millán, Logroño, Spain The authors are all members of the Drug Allergy Committee of the Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Biological Drugs Section)

Abstract Strictly speaking, biological drugs are defined as drugs obtained using biotechnology that act on the immune system. They encompass monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, and cytokines. Although they are restricted to specific diseases, they have been increasingly used in recent years, with the consequent reporting of adverse reactions, many of which occur during the postmarketing phase. Because of the characteristics of adverse reactions, a new classification has been proposed. Hypersensitivity reactions are beta-type reactions and include infusion reactions and injection site reactions. In some cases, an immune mechanism mediated by IgE, IgG, or T cells is involved. Clinical symptoms vary widely, from skin reactions to anaphylaxis. Diagnostic studies are based on skin tests and in vitro tests (specific IgE, basophil activation test). Most are not standardized and are conducted in small groups of patients, thus making it impossible to obtain sensitivity and specificity values. With some biological drugs, desensitization protocols have proven successful. In this review, we discuss hypersensitivity reactions to biological drugs and the diagnostic tests used to assess these reactions. Key words: Biological drugs. Hypersensitivity. Skin tests. Diagnosis. Monoclonal antibodies. Free Full-Text (PDF)

WHO recommendations for the viruses used in the 2013–2014 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine: Epidemiology, antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B influenza viruses collected from October 2012 to January 2013 ☆

Vaccine

Volume 32, Issue 37, 20 August 2014, Pages 4713–4725

WHO Report

• Ian G. Barr^a, , , 
• Colin Russell^b, 
• Terry G. Besselaar^c, 
• Nancy J. Cox^d, 
• Rod S. Daniels^e, 
• Ruben Donis^d,
• Othmar G. Engelhardt^f, 
• Gary Grohmann^g, 
• Shigeyuki Itamura^h, 
• Anne Kelso^a, 
• John McCauley^e, 
• Takato Odagiri^h, 
• Stacey Schultz-Cherryⁱ, 
• Yuelong Shu^j, 
• Derek Smith^k, 
• Masato Tashiro^h, 
• Dayan Wang^j, 
• Richard Webbyⁱ, 
• Xiyan Xu^d, 
• Zhiping Ye^l, 
• Wenqing Zhang^c, 
• Writing Committee of the World Health Organization Consultation on Northern Hemisphere Influenza Vaccine Composition for 2013–2014

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DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.014

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Abstract

In February the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends influenza viruses to be included in influenza vaccines for the forthcoming winter in the Northern Hemisphere. These recommendations are based on data collected by National Influenza Centres (NICs) through the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) and a more detailed analysis of representative and potential antigenically variant influenza viruses from the WHO Collaborating Centres for Influenza (WHO CCs) and Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). This article provides a detailed summary of the antigenic and genetic properties of viruses and additional background data used by WHO experts during development of the recommendations of the 2013–2014 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine composition.

Article outline

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Influenza activity, September 2012–February 2013
• 3. Overview of antigenic and genetic characteristics of the viruses
• 4. A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses
• 5. A(H3N2) viruses
• 6. Influenza B viruses
• 7. Antiviral resistance
• Acknowledgements
• Appendix A. Supplementary data
• References

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First randomized trial on clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: results of efficacy and tolerability

Br J Dermatol. 2014 Aug;171(2):388-96. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12910. Epub 2014 Jul 23.

Virgili A, Borghi A, Toni G, Minghetti S, Corazza M

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

A 3-month topical application of clobetasol propionate (CP) represents the recommended and accepted first-line treatment for vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS); however, to date, no randomized controlled trials have compared the efficacy and safety of CP with other topical corticosteroids.

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the effectiveness and tolerability of two different topical corticosteroids, CP 0·05% ointment and mometasone furoate (MMF) 0·1% ointment, in the treatment of VLS.

METHODS:

Fifty-four patients with VLS were enrolled in a 12-week active treatment phase (ATP) and randomized to apply either CP or MMF in a tapering regimen. The main efficacy parameters were the response rate, the rate of patients achieving an improvement from baseline of ≥ 75% in the subjective and objective scores, and the mean reduction in subjective and objective scores throughout the treatment.

RESULTS:

By the end of the 12-week ATP, 24 (89%) patients were considered to be responders among the CP patients and 24 (89%) among the MMF patients; 59% and 37% of patients in the CP group and 67% and 48% in the MMF group achieved an improvement of at least 75% in subjective and objective scores, respectively. The decrease in mean symptom and sign scores was significant compared with baseline with both treatments. No significant differences were found in any of the assessed efficacy endpoints between CP and MMF. Both treatments were well tolerated.

CONCLUSIONS:

Clobetasol propionate and MMF appeared similarly efficacious and well tolerated for the treatment of VLS and both may represent the first-line treatment for the disease.

© 2014 British Association of Dermatologists.

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Immediate hypersensitivity reaction with mango

Ashok Shah, Kamal Gera

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Abstract

Hypersensitivity to the fruit mango is extremely rare and can exhibit either as immediate or delayed reactions. Since 1939, only 22 patients (10 with immediate type I reactions and 12 with delayed) have been documented with allergy to mango. History of atopy and geographical region may influence the type of reaction. Immediate reactions occured most often in patients with history of atopy, while delayed reactions developed in non-atopic individuals. Clustering of delayed hypersensitivity reports from Australia and immediate reactions from Europe has been documented. We report a 50-year-old man with immediate type I hypersensitivity to mango, who developed cough, wheezing dyspnoea, generalised itching and abdominal discomfort after ingestion of mango. Life threatening event can also happen making it imperative to diagnose on time, so as to prevent significant morbidity and potential mortality

Keywords

allergy, anaphylaxis, bronchial asthma, contact dermatitis, mango, urticaria

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