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July 23, 2013
Gastric Motility Following Ingestion of a Solid Meal in a Cohort of Adult Asthmatics
1
Open Access
IL-1 and T helper immune responses
REVIEW ARTICLE
Front. Immunol., 15 July 2013 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00182
IL-1 and T helper immune responses
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
CD4 T cells play a critical role in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens as well as in tumor immunity. If not adequately regulated, CD4 T cells can be also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses. During TCR activation in a particular cytokine milieu, naïve CD4 T cells may differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17, as defined by their pattern of cytokine production and function. IL-1, the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine, has been shown to influence growth and differentiation of immunocompetent lymphocytes. The differential expression of IL-1RI on human CD4 T cell subsets confers distinct capacities to acquire specific effector functions. In this review, we summarize the role of IL-1 on CD4 T cells, in terms of differentiation, activation, and maintenance or survival.
Keywords: Th17 cells, Th2 cells, Th1 non-classic, IL-1RI and T cells, IL-1 and T cells
Citation: Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Maggi L, Liotta F and Annunziato F (2013) IL-1 and T helper immune responses. Front. Immunol. 4:182. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00182
Received: 09 April 2013; Paper pending published: 12 May 2013;
Accepted: 24 June 2013; Published online: 15 July 2013.
Accepted: 24 June 2013; Published online: 15 July 2013.
Edited by:
Alberto Mantovani, University of Milan, Italy
Reviewed by:
Massimo Gadina, National Institutes of Health, USAHideki Ogura, Osaka University, Japan
Copyright: © 2013 Santarlasci, Cosmi, Maggi, Liotta and Annunziato. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.
*Correspondence: Francesco Annunziato, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, Florence 50134, Italy e-mail: f.annunziato@dmi.unifi.it, francesco.annunziato@unifi.it
Mediators of Pruritus in Lichen Planus
Autoimmune Diseases
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 941431, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/941431
Review Article
Mediators of Pruritus in Lichen Planus
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ulica Chalubinskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
Received 22 April 2013; Accepted 29 June 2013
Academic Editor: Jozélio Freire de Carvalho
Copyright © 2013 Kalina Welz-Kubiak and Adam Reich. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory mucocutaneous disease, showing a wide variety of clinical subtypes. The classic presentation of LP involves the appearance of polygonal, flat-topped, violaceous papules and plaques with reticulated white lines, termed “Wickham's striae”. Cutaneous lesions tend to be extremely pruritic, and this symptom does not subside after common antipruritic treatment. Moreover, based on our previous pilot study, it could be stated, that itch is the most unpleasant and bothersome symptom of LP for majority of patients suffering from this disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of itch in lichen planus remain still unknown. In addition, there is no study on mediators of this sensation, but taking into account pathogenesis of LP there are some possible mediators implicated to transmit or modulate itch. In pathogenesis of LP important are such mechanisms as apoptosis, autoimmune reaction, and role of stress. With these pathways some, previously described in other diseases, itch mediators such as cytokines, proteases, and opioid system are connected. Whether these mechanisms are involved in pruritus accompanying LP requires further investigation. Limited knowledge of pruritus origin in lichen planus is responsible for the lack of the effective antipruritic treatments. Here, we describe possible mechanisms participating the pathogenesis of pruritus in lichen planus.
Immunomodulator Clarithromycin Enhances Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses and Reduces Re-Infection Rate in Pediatric Patients with Influenza
OPEN ACCESS PEER-REVIEWED
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Immunomodulator Clarithromycin Enhances Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses and Reduces Re-Infection Rate in Pediatric Patients with Influenza Treated with Antiviral Neuraminidase Inhibitors: A Retrospective Analysis
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