Correlation Between Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review

Awad BI, Aldokhail LS, Alotaibi EMet al. Ear Nose Throat J. 2025 Oct 5:1455613251378726. doi: 10.1177/01455613251378726. 

Abstract

Background:

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), allergic rhinitis (AR), and asthma are common airway disorders that often coexist, suggesting shared inflammatory mechanisms. LPR involves gastric reflux into the laryngopharynx, while AR and asthma are linked by the “united airway” hypothesis. Evidence indicates LPR may contribute to AR and asthma exacerbation, yet their interactions remain unclear. Understanding their interaction may enhance clinical outcomes.

Objective:

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the associations between LPR, AR, and asthma by analyzing studies that examined these conditions in various patient populations.

Methodology:

A comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, was conducted for studies published up until 2024.

ARIA webinar sessions (6 & 7 October 2025)

Jean Bousquet:

• ARIA: Past, present and future
• ARIA and MASK-air: Novel findings
• ARIA 2024-2025: Concept and sources of information

Bernardo Sousa-Pinto:

• Presentation of the recommendations of intranasal treatments for the ARIA 2024-2025 guidelines
• What's new in ARIA 2024-2025 in terms of rhinitis management with intranasal treatments?

Long-Term, Real-World Effectiveness of Allergen Immunotherapy in Children and Adolescents With Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

C. Woehlk, T. Stranzl, M. Contoli, et al. Allergy (2025): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70085.

ABSTRACT

Background
Respiratory allergies often begin in childhood and can progress over time, leading to increased disease burden. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only causal treatment for allergic respiratory diseases with disease-modifying potential. While randomised trials support its efficacy in controlling allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma symptoms, long-term real-world data in children remain limited.

Methods
This paediatric study (n = 11,036) was conducted within the pre-defined framework of the REACT study, based on protocol-specified objectives. Children (< 18 years) with physician-diagnosed AR, with or without pre-existing asthma, were included. AIT-treated patients were matched 1:1 to non-AIT controls.

Digital Monitoring of Symptoms and Lung Function During Birch Pollen Season in Pediatric Patients

Tanninen TH, Reiterä PH, Saarto A et al. Clin Transl Allergy. 2025 Oct;15(10):e70101. doi: 10.1002/clt2.70101. 

ABSTRACT

Background

Mobile health (mHealth) applications for asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) may guide patients in following medication use, symptoms, and lung function supporting self-management.

Objective

The primary study objective was to investigate the objective effect of birch pollen on asthma and AR symptoms and medicine use in pediatric patients with varying levels of birch-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) during the 2022 birch pollen season using digital tools. The secondary objectives were to determine the effect of birch pollen on Asthma Control Test scores, and to record the subjective benefits in self-management while using the application.

Methods

Altogether, 48 pediatric participants were categorized into three groups based on their birch-specific IgE levels.

Transient refractory period in severe iodinated contrast media allergy: a case report

Dungan, L., Cox, F.  Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 21, 43 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-025-00972-5

Abstract

Background

Hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media (ICM) are rare but can be life-threatening. Management typically involves avoidance of the offending agent and the use of alternative imaging strategies. The phenomenon of a transient refractory period—wherein a patient does not exhibit an allergic response upon re-exposure to the allergen shortly after an initial reaction—has been proposed but is not well-documented in the context of ICM.

Case presentation

Serum Tryptase versus Time from Anaphylaxis Episode. Purple arrows
represent the two time points at which iodinated contrast media was
administered.

We report the case of a 56-year-old woman who experienced an anaphylaxis associated cardiac arrest following administration of iopamidol 370 (Niopam 370) during a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA). She was resuscitated, intubated, and stabilized with noradrenaline. Two hours later, she underwent a second CT scan using iopamidol 300 (Niopam 300) without any obvious immediate hypersensitivity reaction.

Omalizumab in the Management of Food Allergy – a Narrative Review of Data from Clinical Studies, Case Series and Case Reports

Jankowski, W.M., Przychodniak, D. & Kurowski, M. Curr Treat Options Allergy 12, 19 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-025-00399-8

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Food allergy is a significant public health problem, affecting 8% of children and 3–4% of adults, with potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis being its most severe manifestation. Trigger food avoidance is still the mainstay of food allergy management, while novel treatments, including specific allergen immunotherapy and omalizumab, a humanized IgG1κ antibody, have shown potential to reduce the risk of allergic reaction after food ingestion. The purpose of this review is to provide an account of current knowledge regarding efficacy and safety profile of omalizumab in the management of food allergy, implemented as a standalone treatment or in combination with oral immunotherapy of food allergy.

Recent Findings

Food protein threshold values after OMA or placebo treatment

Current data indicate that omalizumab significantly increases the threshold of tolerance to food allergens in children, reducing the risk of severe anaphylactic reactions.

Clinical Characteristics of Infants Under Two Years of Age with Early Sensitization to House Dust Mites

Jeong HI, Jeon YH. J Clin Med. 2025 Sep 18;14(18):6587. doi: 10.3390/jcm14186587. 

Abstract

Background: Early-life sensitization to house dust mites (HDMs) is a recognized risk factor for adverse respiratory allergic outcomes. 

Methods: We investigated the clinical characteristics of infants under two years of age who visited our allergy clinic for evaluation with detectable HDM-specific IgE (sIgE) and compared them to HDM-sIgE–negative infants. 

Graphical Abstract

Results: Among 1793 infants tested forHDM sIgE, 96 (5.4%) demonstrated sensitization. In the HDM-positive cohort, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 74.0% (90.9% among those <12 months), food allergy was 57.3% (100% among those <12 months), egg white sensitization was 71.9% (90.9% among those <12 months), and cow’s milk sensitization was 56.3% (81.8% among those <12 months). Atopic dermatitis, food allergy, ≥4 wheezing episodes, physician-diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis, egg white sensitization, cow’s milk sensitization, and sensitization to three or more food allergens were significantly more common in the HDM-positive group compared with the HDM-negative group.

Allergen-Specific mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of Experimental Allergy in Mice

Rochman Y, Kotliar M, Klingler AM et al. J Clin Invest. 2025 Sep 23:e194080. doi: 10.1172/JCI194080. 

Abstract

Allergic diseases have reached epidemic proportions globally, calling attention to the need for better treatment and preventive approaches. Herein, we developed allergen-encoding messenger RNA (mRNA) lipid nanoparticle (LNP) strategies for both therapy and prevention of allergic responses. Immunization with allergen-encoded mRNA-LNPs modulated T cell differentiation, inhibiting the generation of T helper type 2 (Th2) and type 17 (Th17) cells upon allergen exposure in experimental asthma models induced by ovalbumin (OVA), and naturally occurring house dust mite (HDM) and the major HDM allergen Der p1. Allergen-specific mRNA-LNP treatment attenuated clinicopathology in both preventive and established allergy models, including reduction in eosinophilia, mucus production, and airway hypersensitivity, while enhancing production of allergen-specific IgG antibodies and maintaining low IgE levels. 

Graphical Abstract

Additionally, allergen-specific mRNA-LNP vaccines in mice elicited a CD8+CD38+KLRG- T cell response as seen following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in human, underscoring a conserved immune mechanism across species, regardless of the mRNA-encoded protein.