Ilias Papanikolaou, Pulmonary Medicine Department, Corfu General Hospital, Gouvia, 49100 Corfu, Greece
Konstantinos Kagouridis, Spyros A Papiris, 2 Pulmonary Medicine Department, “Attikon” University Hospital, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
Konstantinos Kagouridis, Spyros A Papiris, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
Author contributions: Papanikolaou I reviewed the literature and contributed to the writing of the paper; Kagouridis K reviewed the literature and contributed to the writing of the paper; Papiris SA critically revised the paper.
Correspondence to: Spyros A Papiris, MD, PhD, FCCP, Professor of Medicine, 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, “Attikon” University Hospital, Rimini 1 Street, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece. papiris@otenet.gr
Abstract
Extraintestinal manifestations occur commonly in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Pulmonary manifestations (PM) of IBD may be divided in airway disorders, interstitial lung disorders, serositis, pulmonary vasculitis, necrobiotic nodules, drug-induced lung disease, thromboembolic lung disease and enteropulmonary fistulas. Pulmonary involvement may often be asymptomatic and detected solely on the basis of abnormal screening tests. The common embryonic origin of the intestine and the lungs from the primitive foregut, the co-existence of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue in both organs, autoimmunity, smoking and bacterial translocation from the colon to the lungs may all be involved in the pathogenesis of PM in IBD. PM are mainly detected by pulmonary function tests and high-resolution computed tomography. This review will focus on the involvement of the airways in the context of IBD, especially stenoses of the large airways, tracheobronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, mucoid impaction, bronchial granulomas, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and the co-existence of IBD with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sarcoidosis and a1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel diseases, Airways, Bronchiolitis
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