Cytokine release syndrome after bronchoalveolar lavage

Case Report - Open access

Margaret Guerriero, Feras Ally, Keith R. Loeb & Viswam S. Nair. BMC Pulmonary Medicine volume 23, Article number: 391 (2023) 

Abstract

Background

Immunosuppressed bone marrow transplant patients with pulmonary infiltrates routinely undergo bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to investigate potential etiologies. Cytokine release syndrome after BAL is unreported in the literature in general and in this patient population.

Case presentation

BAL flow cytometry of mature, cytotoxic T cells
expressing CD38 and HLA-DR

We report on an allogeneic bone marrow transplant patient with non-infectious organizing pneumonia of the lungs who developed delayed and rapidly progressive shock and hypoxia post-procedure over the course of 12 h resulting in intensive care unit admission for supportive care.

BAL was characterized by a marked lymphocytic, cytotoxic T cell infiltrate on pathology and flow cytometry without clear evidence of infection. The patient’s clinical status improved quickly only after the initiation of high dose intravenous steroids and returned to baseline as an outpatient.

Conclusion

The patient’s clinical data and course suggest a cytotoxic T cell response from the lung and BAL as the etiology. With an increasing number of cellular therapies for cancer entering the clinic, the potential for unusual but morbid complications from routine bronchoscopy should be considered.

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